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Start with the Directive's definitions. Apparatus is a finished appliance, or a combination made available on the market as a single functional unit, intended for the end user and liable to generate electromagnetic disturbance or have its performance affected by disturbance. The Directive also treats certain components or sub-assemblies as apparatus when they are intended for incorporation into apparatus by the end user and have the same disturbance or immunity relevance.

That means a passive component supplied only to professional manufacturers for incorporation into their own finished apparatus is usually not the finished apparatus placed on the market. The finished apparatus manufacturer must assess the apparatus and take the component's EMC effect into account. By contrast, a component kit, module, filter, cable assembly, or other sub-assembly sold to end users for incorporation into apparatus can fall into apparatus scope if its EMC characteristics matter.

The Commission EMC Guide says inherently benign equipment is excluded from the EMC Directive when its inherent physical characteristics make it incapable of generating or contributing to excessive emissions and able to operate without unacceptable degradation in the normal electromagnetic disturbance of its intended environment. The Guide lists examples that can be excluded when they have no active electronic parts.

For a passive-component FAQ, the important point is not the component's marketing name. It is whether the actual item has active electronics, automatic switching, amplification, control circuitry, or other features that change the EMC analysis. A passive antenna without active electronics may be different from an active antenna module; a simple switch may be different from a smart switching device; a cable accessory may be different from a powered adapter.

Passive components often matter because they are incorporated into another product. If a manufacturer uses a passive component inside finished apparatus, the component does not need to be treated as the marketable apparatus on its own, but the apparatus assessment should account for the component's EMC effect. Examples include filters, screened cables, connectors, earthing hardware, inductive parts, and switching or protection parts that affect emissions, immunity, coupling, or installation conditions.

For fixed installations, the Directive and the EMC Guide put weight on good engineering practice and the information provided by manufacturers about the intended use of the components that make up the installation. The responsible documentation can be simple for low-risk installations, but it should be able to show the relevant installation instructions, use and maintenance information, and EMC precautions when authorities ask for evidence.

A useful passive-component record should let a product, quality, or market-surveillance reviewer see why the item was handled outside apparatus scope, inside apparatus scope, or only as an incorporated part of a larger apparatus or fixed installation. Do not write the conclusion as a blanket rule for all passive components; tie it to the exact product design and supply model.

Where the item is treated as outside apparatus obligations, the record should still explain the conclusion. Where the item is treated as apparatus, keep the normal apparatus evidence. Where the item is incorporated into apparatus or a fixed installation, keep the instructions and technical evidence that show the final equipment or installation can meet the EMC essential requirements when properly installed, maintained, and used for its intended purpose.

Do not treat cable compliance as a standalone label question. First decide what is being supplied: a passive cable considered separately, a component or sub-assembly intended for incorporation by an end user, apparatus supplied with or specified for particular cables, or equipment incorporated into a fixed installation.

For apparatus, the manufacturer has to assess the relevant EMC phenomena in normal intended operating conditions and in the configurations it identifies as representative of intended use. If the apparatus only meets the essential requirements with a screened cable, a particular connector, a maximum cable length, a ferrite, a routing condition, or an earthing arrangement, those conditions belong in the EMC assessment, technical documentation, and instructions.

The practical split is whether the cable is merely a passive item considered separately or whether it is part of the apparatus configuration. The Directive treats certain components or sub-assemblies as apparatus when they are intended for incorporation into apparatus by the end user and are liable to generate electromagnetic disturbance or be affected by it.

If the manufacturer supplies the cable with the apparatus, requires a specified cable for compliant operation, or sells a cable/interface accessory that changes emissions or immunity, the compliance file should show how that configuration was assessed. Combining CE-marked products or accessories does not automatically prove that the resulting system is compliant.

Cable assumptions should be no broader than the evidence supports. The Commission guide says an EMC assessment has to cover normal intended operating conditions and, where apparatus can take different configurations, the representative configurations identified by the manufacturer. It also describes a documented worst-case approach for configurations likely to cause maximum disturbance or be most susceptible to disturbance.

For cables, that means the technical file should not silently rely on a laboratory setup that customers cannot reproduce. If a shielded cable, double-screened cable, specific external connection length, cable separation, equipotential earthing, or filter is needed, the instruction set should say so in clear installation language.

Fixed installations have a different compliance path from ordinary apparatus, but cables and wiring remain central to the evidence. The Directive requires fixed installations to meet the essential requirements and to be installed using good engineering practices while taking account of information on the intended use of the components that make up the installation.

Commission guidance gives cable examples for fixed installations: component instructions may concern the specified EMC environment, filters or other auxiliary devices, the specifications and length of external-connection cables, conditions for use, and special EMC precautions such as equipotential earthing. It also points to distances, earthing, cable selection, and screening as good-engineering-practice considerations.

The cable evidence should let a reviewer reconstruct the compliance argument without relying on project memory. Tie the cable facts to the apparatus model or fixed installation, the applicable essential requirements, the assessed configuration, and the instructions given to users or installers.

For apparatus, keep the technical documentation and EU declaration of conformity for 10 years after the apparatus is placed on the market. Importers must keep a copy of the EU declaration of conformity for the same period and ensure that technical documentation can be made available to authorities on request. For fixed installations, keep the good-engineering-practice documentation while the installation remains in operation.

Start by classifying the thing being delivered. Under Directive 2014/30/EU, equipment means apparatus or a fixed installation. Apparatus is a finished appliance, or a combination made available on the market as a single functional unit for an end-user, that may cause electromagnetic disturbance or be affected by it. A fixed installation is a particular combination of apparatus and, where relevant, other devices, assembled and intended for permanent use at a predefined location.

If the custom work is apparatus, the manufacturer remains responsible for the apparatus route: EMC assessment, technical documentation, EU declaration of conformity, CE marking, identification, traceability, and installation or use information. If the custom work is a fixed installation, the installation itself is not subject to CE marking or an EU declaration of conformity, but the responsible person must be able to show that the installation follows good engineering practices and respects component intended-use instructions.

A narrow Article 19 route exists for apparatus intended only for incorporation into a particular fixed installation and not otherwise made available on the market. In that case, the usual apparatus provisions listed in Article 19 do not have to be applied to that specific apparatus, but the accompanying documentation must identify the fixed installation, its EMC characteristics, the apparatus identifying information, and the precautions needed so the installation's conformity is not compromised.

For a fixed installation, keep the evidence with the person or persons responsible for establishing compliance of the installation. Directive 2014/30/EU requires the good engineering practice documentation to be held at the disposal of national authorities for inspection for as long as the fixed installation is in operation.

The evidence should show how the site was configured and why the EMC result is reasonable for that site. For a simple installation made only from CE-marked apparatus, the Commission guide says the responsible person may satisfy the documentation requirement by being able to provide the supplier instructions for installation, use, and maintenance. Complex installations should retain more detailed evidence because the local EMC environment, cables, earthing, screening, filters, interfaces, and external coupling paths may matter.

When the custom item is apparatus, keep the apparatus evidence separate from the installation file. The manufacturer must perform an EMC assessment based on relevant phenomena and normal intended operating conditions, including representative configurations for apparatus capable of different configurations.

The apparatus technical documentation must make it possible to assess conformity and include an adequate analysis and assessment of risks. Directive 2014/30/EU lists a general description, design and manufacturing drawings, explanations needed to understand the apparatus, the harmonised standards applied in full or in part or other technical solutions used, design calculations or examinations, and test reports where applicable.

Use the Article 19 route only when the facts are narrow enough: the apparatus is for a particular fixed installation and is not otherwise made available on the market. The record should not merely say 'custom' or 'site-built'. It should identify the fixed installation, describe the EMC characteristics that matter, and explain why ordinary apparatus availability is not the fact pattern.

The accompanying documentation should travel with the specific apparatus and be available to the installation owner, installer, operator, or responsible person. It should give enough information to install the apparatus without compromising the fixed installation's conformity.

For current products, the key question is not whether a component is called a module; it is whether the final product made available on the EU market is radio equipment. The Commission EMC guide explains that the EMC Directive no longer applies to products covered by RED, while wireline telecommunications products without a radio function can fall under the EMC Directive if the product is otherwise in scope.

Directive 2014/30/EU also contains the general rule for overlaps: where the essential EMC requirements are laid down more specifically by other Union legislation, the EMC Directive does not apply, or stops applying, for those requirements. That is why a connected host needs a directive map for the final product, not a copy of the module certificate alone.

The host file should let a reviewer connect the radio module evidence to the exact final product placed on the market. Keep the module DoC or supplier declaration, radio and EMC test reports, antenna and installation conditions, integration instructions, bill of materials, photos or drawings, software and operating-mode assumptions, and any deviations from harmonised-standard test methods.

For an unchanged module, document why the host stays within the module supplier's stated installation conditions. If the host changes those conditions, document the technical reasoning, added tests, comparison evidence, or design controls used to cover the changed configuration. The Commission guide states that a final apparatus manufacturer using components from other manufacturers keeps overall control and remains responsible for final-apparatus compliance.

For an EMC Directive apparatus route, the technical documentation should identify the product covered, describe the apparatus, include drawings or schemes needed to understand the design, list harmonised standards applied and test results, and explain any non-harmonised or partial-standard route used to meet the essential requirements. If Annex III EU-type examination is used, the EU-type examination certificate belongs in the file.

The EU declaration of conformity should identify the apparatus, manufacturer or authorised representative, Union harmonisation legislation, dated harmonised standards or other technical specifications, notified-body information where applicable, and the signer. Where more than one Union act requires a declaration, the EMC Directive allows a single EU declaration covering all relevant Union acts.

Do not reduce the assessment to a pass/fail test report for the radio module. The EMC assessment should cover relevant emission and immunity phenomena for the final apparatus, its intended use, installation conditions, foreseeable configurations, and electromagnetic environment. Harmonised standards can give presumption of conformity only for the essential requirements and phenomena they cover.

If a harmonised standard is not applied, is applied only in part, or a test is omitted because the manufacturer relies on design precautions, comparison with similar apparatus, physical characteristics, calculations, or other evidence, the technical documentation should explain the deviation and how the essential requirements are still met. For integrated modules, that explanation is where host-specific assumptions belong.

Article 9 of Directive 2014/30/EU puts the importer gate before market placement. The importer should check that the apparatus is within the EMC Directive apparatus regime, that the manufacturer has carried out the Article 14 conformity assessment, that technical documentation exists, that the CE marking is present, and that the apparatus is accompanied by the required documents.

The importer should also check the manufacturer's traceability information: type, batch, serial number or another product identifier, plus the manufacturer's name, registered trade name or registered trade mark, and postal contact address. The importer's own name, registered trade name or registered trade mark and postal address must also appear on the apparatus, or where that is not possible, on packaging or in an accompanying document.

If the importer considers or has reason to believe that the apparatus is not in conformity with the EMC essential requirements, the importer should stop the market-placement decision. The Directive says the apparatus must not be placed on the market until it has been brought into conformity, and if the apparatus presents a risk the importer must inform the manufacturer and market surveillance authorities.

The core evidence is not a generic supplier statement. It is the link between the physical apparatus, the EU declaration of conformity, and the technical documentation. The EMC Guide explains that technical documentation should identify the product and allow an unambiguous link between the technical file, the EU declaration of conformity, and the product.

For the EU declaration of conformity, the EMC Guide describes a model structure covering the apparatus model or product identification, manufacturer or authorised representative name and address, the statement that the declaration is issued under the sole responsibility of the manufacturer, the relevant Union harmonisation legislation, harmonised standards or other technical specifications used, notified-body information where applicable, and signature details.

The importer should also verify that instructions and Article 18 information accompany the apparatus in a language easily understood by consumers and other end-users in the relevant Member State. For EMC, use information includes specific precautions for assembly, installation, maintenance, or use where those precautions are needed to keep the apparatus compliant when put into service.

Importer duties continue while the apparatus is under the importer's responsibility and after placement. Storage or transport conditions must not jeopardise compliance with the EMC essential requirements. That matters for products whose EMC performance depends on intact shielding, cabling, accessories, configuration, packaging, or installation information.

If the importer later considers or has reason to believe that apparatus it placed on the market is not in conformity, the Directive requires immediate corrective measures to bring the apparatus into conformity, withdraw it, or recall it if appropriate. If the apparatus presents a risk, competent national authorities in the affected Member States must be informed with details of the non-compliance and corrective measures.

On a reasoned request from a competent national authority, the importer must provide information and documentation needed to demonstrate conformity, in paper or electronic form and in a language easily understood by that authority. The importer must also cooperate with the authority on action taken to eliminate risks posed by apparatus it placed on the market.