---
title: "RoHS Risk-Based Testing Guide"
canonical_url: "https://www.sorena.io/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/risk-based-testing"
source_url: "https://www.sorena.io/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/risk-based-testing"
author: "Sorena AI"
description: "source-linked EU RoHS guide to risk-based testing, EN IEC 63000 documentation, IEC 62321 methods, supplier evidence, and technical-file decisions."
published_at: "2026-05-09"
updated_at: "2026-05-27"
keywords:
  - "RoHS risk-based testing"
  - "EU RoHS testing"
  - "EN IEC 63000"
  - "IEC 62321"
  - "RoHS technical documentation"
  - "Directive 2011/65/EU"
  - "EU RoHS Directive"
  - "RoHS testing"
  - "RoHS compliance evidence"
---
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---

# RoHS Risk-Based Testing Guide

source-linked EU RoHS guide to risk-based testing, EN IEC 63000 documentation, IEC 62321 methods, supplier evidence, and technical-file decisions.

*Artifact Guide* *EU*

## EU RoHS Directive risk-based testing

RoHS compliance is demonstrated through technical documentation and conformity assessment. Testing can support that file, but the Directive also recognises assessment against harmonised standards whose references are published in the Official Journal.

Use this guide to decide when supplier evidence is enough, when targeted IEC 62321 testing is useful, and how to document the decision under the EN IEC 63000 technical-file approach.

Risk-based RoHS testing means using product facts, material risk, supplier evidence, and change history to decide whether a lab test is needed for a specific homogeneous material or component. Directive 2011/65/EU requires manufacturers to draw up technical documentation, use internal production control, issue the EU Declaration of Conformity when compliance is demonstrated, and keep the technical documentation and declaration for 10 years after the EEE is placed on the market. It does not turn every component into a mandatory lab-test project.

## What risk-based testing means under RoHS

Start with the legal target: Article 4 restrictions apply by weight in homogeneous materials, and the Directive defines a homogeneous material as material of uniform composition throughout or material that cannot be separated into different materials by mechanical actions such as unscrewing, cutting, crushing, grinding, and abrasive processes.

Article 16 gives a presumption-of-conformity route for materials, components, and EEE on which tests and measurements demonstrate Article 4 compliance, or which have been assessed in accordance with harmonised standards whose references are published in the Official Journal. That wording matters: test evidence is one route, and assessment against the cited documentation standard is another support for the conformity file.

- Use testing to answer a material-specific uncertainty, not to compensate for an unclear product scope or missing bill of materials.
- Rank risk higher where the material, coating, plasticiser, solder, pigment, flame retardant, supplier history, or process change creates a plausible restricted-substance concern.
- Keep the decision at homogeneous-material level so the test or supplier evidence maps to the same unit used by the RoHS concentration limits.

Sources for this answer:

- [Directive 2011/65/EU on restriction of hazardous substances (RoHS)](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02011L0065-20250101&ref=sorena.io) - Binding consolidated RoHS source for homogeneous-material definition, Article 4 restrictions, Article 7 manufacturer duties, retention, and Article 16 presumption of conformity.
- [Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2020/659 on EN IEC 63000](https://data.europa.eu/eli/dec_impl/2020/659/oj?ref=sorena.io) - Official source publishing EN IEC 63000:2018 as the harmonised RoHS technical-documentation standard.

## Separate EN IEC 63000 documentation from IEC 62321 test methods

EN IEC 63000:2018 is the harmonised standard cited for RoHS technical documentation. Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2020/659 says the standard sets out specifications for the technical documentation required for assessing materials, components, and EEE with respect to hazardous-substance restrictions, and the IEC page describes IEC 63000 as specifying the documentation a manufacturer compiles to declare compliance.

IEC 62321 is different. Its parts describe sampling, preparation, screening, and analytical methods for particular substances or material families. Use IEC 62321 methods when testing is selected, but do not describe EN IEC 63000 as a laboratory test method or imply that IEC 62321 testing is automatically required for every part.

- Use EN IEC 63000:2018 to organise the technical file, supplier evidence, assessment rationale, and selected test reports.
- Use IEC 62321-2:2021 when the issue is sampling, disassembly, disjointment, or mechanical sample preparation before analytical testing.
- Use the relevant IEC 62321 analytical part only after the material and substance question are defined.

Sources for this answer:

- [Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2020/659 on EN IEC 63000](https://data.europa.eu/eli/dec_impl/2020/659/oj?ref=sorena.io) - Official source for EN IEC 63000:2018 as the RoHS harmonised standard for technical documentation, replacing EN 50581:2012.
- [IEC 63000:2016 product page](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/25985?ref=sorena.io) - IEC publisher page describing IEC 63000 technical documentation for assessing electrical and electronic products against restricted-substance requirements.
- [IEC 62321-2:2021 product page](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/64226?ref=sorena.io) - IEC publisher page for disassembly, disjointment, mechanical sample preparation, and sampling strategy before substance determination.

## Choosing targeted RoHS tests

A practical test plan starts with the suspected material and restricted-substance group. IEC 62321-3-1 covers XRF screening for lead, mercury, cadmium, total chromium, and total bromine in uniform materials. Screening can help triage uncertainty, but it is not the same as every substance-specific determination needed for a final conclusion.

Other IEC 62321 parts in the grounding set address narrower questions: IEC 62321-5 covers cadmium, lead, and chromium in polymers and electronics and cadmium and lead in metals by AAS, AFS, ICP-OES, and ICP-MS; IEC 62321-6 covers PBB and PBDE in polymers; IEC 62321-7-1 and IEC 62321-7-2 address hexavalent chromium in corrosion-protected metal coatings and in polymers or electronics; IEC 62321-8 addresses phthalates in polymers.

- Select the test method from the material and substance concern: polymer phthalates, brominated flame retardants, metal coating hexavalent chromium, solder lead, or another defined issue.
- Record why supplier declarations, material declarations, historic test reports, or process controls were sufficient for lower-risk items.
- Escalate to targeted testing when evidence is stale, supplier data is generic, a material changed, an exemption is removed, screening is inconclusive, or the component is high-impact for the declaration.

Sources for this answer:

- [IEC 62321-3-1:2013 product page](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/6830?ref=sorena.io) - IEC publisher page for XRF screening of lead, mercury, cadmium, total chromium, and total bromine in uniform materials.
- [IEC 62321-5:2013 product page](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/6833?ref=sorena.io) - IEC publisher page for cadmium, lead, and chromium methods in polymers, electronics, and metals.
- [IEC 62321-6:2015 product page](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/22592?ref=sorena.io) - IEC publisher page for PBB and PBDE determination in polymers.
- [IEC 62321-7-1:2015 product page](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/23320?ref=sorena.io) - IEC publisher page for hexavalent chromium screening in corrosion-protected metal coatings.
- [IEC 62321-7-2:2017 product page](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/28107?ref=sorena.io) - IEC publisher page for hexavalent chromium determination in polymers and electronics.
- [IEC 62321-8:2017 product page](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/32719?ref=sorena.io) - IEC publisher page for phthalate determination in polymers by GC-MS and Py-TD-GC-MS techniques.

## Evidence to keep with the risk decision

The useful output is not just a lab report. Keep a decision record that explains the product identity, role, market-placement facts, homogeneous materials reviewed, supplier evidence used, testing selected or not selected, test method references, conclusions, residual uncertainty, and review trigger.

Article 7 also requires procedures to keep series production in conformity and to consider changes in product design, characteristics, harmonised standards, or technical specifications used to declare conformity. A risk-based testing decision should therefore reopen when a material, supplier, coating, plastic formulation, solder, flame-retardant system, exemption reliance, or cited standard changes.

- Attach the BOM evidence, supplier declarations, material declarations, risk matrix, screening results, laboratory reports where used, and EN IEC 63000 technical-documentation index.
- Tie every test report to the exact sample identity, material, preparation approach, IEC 62321 part, date, result, and product decision it supports.
- Keep the EU Declaration of Conformity and technical documentation for the Directive's 10-year retention period after the EEE is placed on the market.

Sources for this answer:

- [Directive 2011/65/EU on restriction of hazardous substances (RoHS)](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02011L0065-20250101&ref=sorena.io) - Binding source for Article 7 technical documentation, internal production control, change controls, and 10-year retention.
- [Commission Notice - Blue Guide on EU product rules (2022)](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A52022XC0629%2804%29&ref=sorena.io) - General EU product-law guidance for manufacturer responsibility, technical documentation, EU declarations, economic operator roles, and market surveillance.
- [IEC 62321-2:2021 product page](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/64226?ref=sorena.io) - IEC publisher page supporting sample preparation and sampling strategy documentation when analytical testing is used.

*Recommended next step*

*Placement: after implementation section*

## Review your RoHS test evidence strategy

Use this guide to check whether your RoHS technical file explains supplier evidence, material risk, EN IEC 63000 documentation, selected IEC 62321 tests, and update triggers without over-testing low-risk parts.

- [Open Research Copilot](/solutions/research-copilot.md): Answer RoHS documentation, testing, and supplier-evidence questions with cited outputs.
- [Talk through implementation](/contact.md): Review your RoHS test plan, technical file, supplier evidence, and release controls.

## Primary sources

- [Directive 2011/65/EU on restriction of hazardous substances (RoHS)](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02011L0065-20250101&ref=sorena.io) - Binding consolidated RoHS source for homogeneous-material definition, restricted substances, concentration values, manufacturer duties, conformity assessment, technical documentation, retention, and presumption of conformity.
  - Quote: "tests and measurements demonstrating compliance"
- [Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2020/659 on EN IEC 63000](https://data.europa.eu/eli/dec_impl/2020/659/oj?ref=sorena.io) - Official source identifying EN IEC 63000:2018 as the harmonised RoHS standard for technical documentation and withdrawing EN 50581:2012 from 18 November 2021.
  - Quote: "EN IEC 63000:2018"
- [IEC 63000:2016 product page](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/25985?ref=sorena.io) - IEC publisher page for IEC 63000:2016 technical documentation, amendment and consolidated-version context, and related IEC 62321 references.
  - Quote: "Technical documentation for the assessment"
- [IEC 62321-2:2021 product page](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/64226?ref=sorena.io) - IEC publisher page for sample preparation, disassembly, disjointment, and mechanical preparation before substance determination.
  - Quote: "mechanical sample preparation"
- [IEC 62321-3-1:2013 product page](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/6830?ref=sorena.io) - IEC publisher page for XRF screening of lead, mercury, cadmium, total chromium, and total bromine in uniform materials.
  - Quote: "Screening - Lead, mercury, cadmium, total chromium and total bromine"
- [IEC 62321-5:2013 product page](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/6833?ref=sorena.io) - IEC publisher page for cadmium, lead, and chromium determination in polymers, electronics, and metals.
  - Quote: "Cadmium, lead and chromium"
- [IEC 62321-6:2015 product page](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/22592?ref=sorena.io) - IEC publisher page for PBB and PBDE determination in polymers.
  - Quote: "PBB and PBDE"
- [IEC 62321-7-1:2015 product page](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/23320?ref=sorena.io) - IEC publisher page for hexavalent chromium screening in corrosion-protected metal coatings.
  - Quote: "Hexavalent chromium"
- [IEC 62321-7-2:2017 product page](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/28107?ref=sorena.io) - IEC publisher page for hexavalent chromium determination in polymers and electronics.
  - Quote: "polymers and electronics"
- [IEC 62321-8:2017 product page](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/32719?ref=sorena.io) - IEC publisher page for phthalate determination in polymers by GC-MS and Py-TD-GC-MS techniques.
  - Quote: "Phthalates in polymers"
- [Commission Notice - Blue Guide on EU product rules (2022)](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A52022XC0629%2804%29&ref=sorena.io) - General EU product-law guidance for manufacturer responsibility, conformity assessment, declarations, technical documentation, economic operators, and market surveillance.
  - Quote: "The manufacturer is responsible for the conformity assessment"

## Related Topic Guides

- [Are cables in scope of EU RoHS? Cable evidence, CE marking, and DoC FAQ](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/faq/cables.md): EU RoHS cable FAQ covering when cables are EEE, how internal and external cables are treated, when separate CE marking and a DoC are needed, and what evidence to keep.
- [Do Components Need EU RoHS Compliance? | RoHS FAQ](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/faq/components.md): RoHS FAQ for components in electrical and electronic equipment: substance restrictions, homogeneous materials, CE marking, technical files, exemptions, and supplier evidence.
- [EN IEC 63000 RoHS Technical Documentation](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/en-iec-63000-technical-documentation.md): source-linked guide to EN IEC 63000:2018 technical documentation for EU RoHS, including manufacturer duties, evidence records, harmonised-standard status, and file maintenance.
- [EU RoHS Annex III and IV exemptions guide](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/annex-iii-and-iv-exemptions.md): How to use, renew, or challenge EU RoHS Annex III and Annex IV exemptions, with Article 5 criteria, timing rules, and evidence requirements.
- [EU RoHS Applicability Test for EEE Scope](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/applicability-test.md): Decide whether EU RoHS applies to electrical and electronic equipment, cables, spare parts, exclusions, exemptions, CE marking, and evidence records.
- [EU RoHS CE Marking and Declaration of Conformity](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/ce-and-doc.md): source-linked guide to RoHS CE marking, EU Declaration of Conformity, technical documentation, EN IEC 63000, and importer or distributor checks.
- [EU RoHS compliance checklist for EEE](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/checklist.md): Checklist for EU RoHS scope, restricted substances, homogeneous materials, exemptions, CE marking, technical documentation, and supplier evidence.
- [EU RoHS Compliance Guide for EEE](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/compliance.md): Practical EU RoHS compliance guide for electrical and electronic equipment: scope, restricted substances, exemptions, CE marking, technical documentation, and supplier evidence.
- [EU RoHS Deadlines and Compliance Calendar](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/deadlines-and-compliance-calendar.md): source-linked RoHS calendar for scope phase-ins, phthalate dates, exemption renewals, spare-parts cutoffs, EN IEC 63000, CE files, and review triggers.
- [EU RoHS Declarations vs Lab Tests FAQ](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/faq/declarations-vs-lab-tests.md): When supplier declarations can support EU RoHS technical documentation, when IEC 62321 lab testing is stronger evidence, and how to document the decision.
- [EU RoHS Directive FAQ: scope, substances, CE marking](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/faq.md): Practical EU RoHS Directive FAQ covering EEE scope, Annex II substance limits, cables, spare parts, technical documentation, CE marking, and exemptions.
- [EU RoHS EEE Categories and Open Scope](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/eee-categories-and-open-scope.md): Map products to EU RoHS EEE categories, category 11 open scope, Article 2 exclusions, cables, spare parts, and evidence needed for RoHS scope decisions.
- [EU RoHS for medical devices and monitoring equipment](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/medical-devices-and-monitoring-equipment.md): RoHS category 8 and 9 guide covering application dates, Annex IV exemptions, phthalates, spare parts, CE marking, declarations, and technical documentation.
- [EU RoHS penalties and fines: Member State sanctions](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/penalties-and-fines.md): source-linked guide to EU RoHS penalty exposure: national sanctions, no EU-wide fine table, CE marking misuse, corrective actions, recalls, and evidence records.
- [EU RoHS Phthalates: DEHP, BBP, DBP, DIBP](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/phthalates.md): source-linked RoHS guide to DEHP, BBP, DBP, and DIBP: 0.1% homogeneous-material limits, 2019 and 2021 application dates, exemptions, evidence, and testing standards.
- [EU RoHS requirements for EEE, substances, and CE evidence](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/requirements.md): Practical EU RoHS requirements guide covering EEE scope, Annex II substance limits, exemptions, technical documentation, EU declaration of conformity, CE marking, and operator evidence.
- [EU RoHS Restricted Substances and Thresholds | Annex II Limits](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/restricted-substances-and-thresholds.md): EU RoHS Annex II restricted substances and maximum concentration values by weight in homogeneous materials, including cadmium's 0.01% limit and the 0.1% limits for lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium, PBB, PBDE, DEHP, BBP, DBP, and DIBP.
- [EU RoHS Spare Parts: Repair and Reuse](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/spare-parts.md): source-linked RoHS spare-parts guide covering Article 4 repair parts, reused recovered parts, closed-loop conditions, phthalate carve-outs, CE evidence, and cutoff dates.
- [EU RoHS test plan selection workflow](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/test-plan-selection-workflow.md): Choose RoHS supplier evidence, EN IEC 63000 technical documentation, and IEC 62321 testing without over-testing or under-documenting restricted substances.
- [How should RoHS lead, mercury, and cadmium exemptions be documented? | RoHS FAQ](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/faq/lead-mercury-and-cadmium-exemptions.md): RoHS FAQ on documenting lead, mercury, and cadmium exemptions with Annex III or IV entries, material-level limits, expiry status, supplier evidence, and technical documentation.
- [RoHS BOM evidence intake workflow](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/bom-evidence-intake-workflow.md): Build a RoHS BOM evidence intake process for EEE: map parts to homogeneous materials, collect supplier declarations, handle exemptions, and feed EN IEC 63000 technical documentation.
- [RoHS exemption register workflow: expiry, renewal, evidence](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/exemption-register-workflow.md): Build a RoHS exemption register that tracks Annex III and IV entries, product scope, expiry dates, renewal status, evidence owners, and Commission source links.
- [RoHS exemptions tracker guide: fields, evidence, gates](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/rohs-exemptions-tracker-guide.md): Build a RoHS exemptions tracker for Annex III and IV claims, renewal timing, supplier evidence, EN IEC 63000 documentation, and release decisions.
- [RoHS Exemptions Tracking Register](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/exemptions-tracking.md): Track EU RoHS Annex III and IV exemptions by material, component, category, expiry date, renewal status, Article 5 rationale, and evidence record.
- [RoHS Homogeneous Material Definition and Limits](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/faq/homogeneous-material.md): Plain-English EU RoHS FAQ on homogeneous materials, Annex II thresholds, coatings, cables, assemblies, and evidence needed for material-level RoHS decisions.
- [RoHS Homogeneous Material Thresholds](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/homogeneous-material-thresholds.md): EU RoHS guide to homogeneous material thresholds: 0.1% limits, the 0.01% cadmium limit, material splitting, coatings, samples, exemptions, and technical evidence.
- [RoHS importer checks for imported EEE before EU market placement](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/faq/imported-eee.md): Importer-focused RoHS FAQ covering CE marking, EU declaration of conformity, technical documentation availability, importer identity, nonconformity handling, and 10-year DoC retention.
- [RoHS Supplier Change Control Workflow](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/supplier-change-control-workflow.md): source-linked EU RoHS supplier change control workflow for part substitutions, material changes, supplier declarations, testing decisions, and technical-file updates.
- [RoHS Supplier Declaration Template](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/rohs-supplier-declaration-template.md): source-linked EU RoHS supplier declaration template guidance for collecting material evidence, exemption claims, test records, and EN IEC 63000 technical-file inputs.
- [RoHS Supplier Declarations and Verification Guide](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/supplier-declarations-and-verification.md): Build a RoHS supplier evidence file without confusing supplier declarations with manufacturer EU DoC, CE marking, technical documentation, or importer checks.
- [RoHS Supplier Declarations Guide](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/supplier-declarations.md): Use RoHS supplier declarations as supporting evidence for BOM, material, exemption, and technical-file reviews without replacing manufacturer EU DoC or CE duties.
- [RoHS technical documentation, EU DoC and CE marking](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/technical-documentation-and-ce.md): source-linked guide to RoHS technical documentation, EN IEC 63000 evidence, EU declarations of conformity, CE marking, and manufacturer, importer and distributor duties.
- [RoHS Timeline: practical guide](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/timeline.md): EU RoHS Directive guide to Timeline with scope decisions, owner actions, evidence records, source-linked citations, and practical next steps.
- [RoHS vs Batteries Regulation scope comparison](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/rohs-vs-batteries-regulation.md): RoHS-focused comparison explaining when RoHS applies to EEE, why batteries sit outside RoHS, and what evidence should not be reused without separate battery-law support.
- [RoHS vs LVD/EMC CE evidence: what belongs in the RoHS file](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/rohs-vs-lvd-emc-ce-evidence.md): Compare RoHS substance evidence with separate LVD and EMC CE evidence streams, using RoHS-grounded scope, technical file, DoC, CE marking, exemption, and supplier records.
- [RoHS vs POPs for EEE substance compliance](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/rohs-vs-pops.md): Compare EU RoHS and POPs obligations for electrical and electronic equipment: scope, substances, evidence, CE files, exemptions, waste overlap, and source-linked decision rules.
- [RoHS vs REACH for electronics: scope, evidence, overlap](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/rohs-vs-reach.md): Compare EU RoHS and REACH for electrical and electronic equipment: scope, restricted substances, evidence, CE marking, exemptions, and overlap decisions.
- [RoHS vs WEEE: EU electronics compliance comparison](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/rohs-vs-weee.md): Compare EU RoHS restricted-substance duties with WEEE end-of-life recycling obligations, with RoHS scope, evidence, CE marking, exemptions, and source-linked decision points.
- [RoHS, REACH, POPs, and batteries overlap](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/reach-pop-and-batteries-overlap.md): source-linked RoHS comparison guide for separating EEE hazardous-substance restrictions from REACH, POPs, battery, waste, and technical-file workstreams.
- [What do the 0.1% and 0.01% substance limits mean under EU RoHS? | RoHS FAQ](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/faq/0-1-and-0-01-limits.md): RoHS FAQ explaining why most Annex II substances use a 0.1% homogeneous-material limit while cadmium uses 0.01%.
- [What should teams do before a RoHS exemption expires? | RoHS FAQ](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/faq/exemption-expiry.md): How to handle EU RoHS exemption expiry: confirm the Annex entry, renewal deadline, pending-decision status, fallback plan, and technical-file evidence.
- [When can RoHS spare parts use transition rules? | RoHS FAQ](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/faq/spare-parts.md): EU RoHS FAQ on spare parts, repair parts, reused parts, closed-loop B2B reuse, legacy EEE cutoffs, Annex III and IV exemptions, and evidence to keep.
- [Which EEE is in scope under EU RoHS? | RoHS FAQ](/artifacts/eu/rohs-directive/faq/eee-scope.md): EU RoHS scope FAQ explaining when a product is electrical and electronic equipment, which Article 2 exclusions to check, and what evidence to keep.


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