---
title: "PPWR Packaging Minimisation Guide: Article 10 Evidence"
canonical_url: "https://www.sorena.io/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/minimization"
source_url: "https://www.sorena.io/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/minimization"
author: "Sorena AI"
description: "source-linked PPWR packaging minimisation guide covering Article 10, Annex IV evidence, perceived-volume bans, empty-space rules, and technical documentation."
published_at: "2026-05-09"
updated_at: "2026-05-09"
keywords:
  - "EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation"
  - "PPWR"
  - "packaging minimisation"
  - "Article 10"
  - "Annex IV"
  - "empty space ratio"
  - "minimum necessary weight and volume"
  - "technical documentation"
  - "harmonised standards"
  - "source-linked guidance"
  - "packaging waste"
  - "recyclability"
  - "reuse"
  - "recycled content"
---
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# PPWR Packaging Minimisation Guide: Article 10 Evidence

source-linked PPWR packaging minimisation guide covering Article 10, Annex IV evidence, perceived-volume bans, empty-space rules, and technical documentation.

*PPWR* *Article 10 evidence* *EU*

## EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation Packaging minimisation

Use this page to turn PPWR Article 10 into packaging design controls, Annex IV evidence, and technical documentation.

It separates minimum-weight and volume duties from the related Article 24 empty-space rules so teams do not mix the two compliance tests.

PPWR packaging minimisation is a design-and-evidence obligation, not a slogan about using less material. For packaging placed on the EU market, teams need to show why the chosen weight and volume are the minimum necessary for the packaging's function, while documenting the performance criteria that prevent further reduction.

## What does Article 10 require for packaging minimisation?

Article 10 requires manufacturers or importers to ensure, by 1 January 2030, that packaging placed on the market is designed so its weight and volume are reduced to the minimum necessary to ensure its functionality. The assessment must take account of the packaging shape and material.

The same article blocks packaging that fails the Annex IV performance criteria and packaging features used only to increase perceived product volume, including double walls, false bottoms, and unnecessary layers, unless one of the narrow protected-design, trademark, geographical-indication, or quality-scheme exceptions applies.

- Identify the manufacturer or importer responsible for the packaging type.
- Map every component, layer, closure, void, and presentation feature to a packaging function.
- Record whether any visual-volume feature is functional or only increases perceived product volume.
- Treat brand, trademark, geographical-indication, and quality-scheme exceptions as legal review items, not default design justifications.
- Keep the minimisation conclusion tied to the exact packaging type placed on the market.

Sources for this answer:

- [Regulation (EU) 2025/40 on packaging and packaging waste](https://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2025/40/oj?ref=sorena.io) - Article 10 sets the 1 January 2030 minimisation duty and bars non-functional perceived-volume features except in limited cases.
- [European Commission Packaging & Packaging Waste Regulation page](https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/waste-and-recycling/packaging-waste/packaging-packaging-waste-regulation_en?ref=sorena.io) - Commission overview frames PPWR as cutting unnecessary packaging waste and promoting smaller, lighter packaging without useless layers.
- [European Commission harmonised standards for packaging and packaging waste](https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/single-market/goods/european-standards/harmonised-standards/packaging-and-packaging-waste_en?ref=sorena.io) - Commission standards page lists EN 13428 on prevention by source reduction under the prior packaging framework, useful context until PPWR-specific harmonised standards are updated.

## Which Annex IV criteria justify the minimum necessary packaging?

Annex IV is the practical checklist for a minimisation file. It recognises that packaging may need weight or volume for product protection, manufacturing and filling, logistics, functionality, information, hygiene and safety, legal requirements, recycled content, recyclability, and reuse.

A defensible decision explains the design requirement that prevents further reduction for each relevant criterion. It is not enough to say that the package is already lightweight or that a supplier supplied a standard format.

- Product protection: document damage, deterioration, hygiene, shelf-life, or safety requirements that need material or volume.
- Manufacturing and filling: capture line speed, tolerances, closure, stability, heat resistance, hygiene, and minimum headspace constraints.
- Logistics: justify dimensions needed for transport, palletisation, handling, warehousing, and packaging integrity.
- Information and legal requirements: show where mandatory markings, safety instructions, barcodes, or product information need space.
- Circularity requirements: explain any added material or volume needed to support reuse, recyclability, or recycled-content performance.

Sources for this answer:

- [Regulation (EU) 2025/40 on packaging and packaging waste](https://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2025/40/oj?ref=sorena.io) - Annex IV Part A lists the performance criteria for assessing minimum packaging weight and volume.
- [European Commission Packaging & Packaging Waste Regulation page](https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/waste-and-recycling/packaging-waste/packaging-packaging-waste-regulation_en?ref=sorena.io) - Commission overview connects minimisation with PPWR's wider aims for recyclable, reusable, safer, and less wasteful packaging.
- [European Commission harmonised standards for packaging and packaging waste](https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/single-market/goods/european-standards/harmonised-standards/packaging-and-packaging-waste_en?ref=sorena.io) - The listed harmonised standards show how existing EU packaging conformity work has historically used standards for manufacturing, reuse, recycling, recovery, and source reduction.

## What evidence belongs in the Article 10 technical file?

Article 10 says compliance with the minimisation duty must be demonstrated in the technical documentation referred to in Annex VII. The file should explain the technical specifications, standards, and conditions used to assess the packaging against Annex IV.

Annex IV Part B adds the operating detail: include the outcome of the assessment, the calculation of the minimum necessary weight and volume, production-batch variations, the design requirements blocking further reduction, the method used to identify those requirements, and the test results, market research, or studies relied on.

- Packaging type identifier, bill of materials, drawings, dimensions, fill level, and component weights.
- Annex IV criterion-by-criterion justification for the selected volume and weight.
- Calculations, simulations, test reports, production tolerances, and supplier data used in the assessment.
- Record of investigated reduction opportunities, including unnecessary layers or components that were removed or retained with justification.
- References to harmonised standards, common specifications, or other technical specifications used for measurement or calculation.

Sources for this answer:

- [Regulation (EU) 2025/40 on packaging and packaging waste](https://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2025/40/oj?ref=sorena.io) - Article 10 and Annex IV specify what the technical documentation must contain for minimisation assessment.
- [European Commission Packaging & Packaging Waste Regulation page](https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/waste-and-recycling/packaging-waste/packaging-packaging-waste-regulation_en?ref=sorena.io) - Commission overview supports the operational reason for keeping minimisation evidence with wider PPWR implementation work.
- [European Commission harmonised standards for packaging and packaging waste](https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/single-market/goods/european-standards/harmonised-standards/packaging-and-packaging-waste_en?ref=sorena.io) - Standards references are relevant because Article 10 calls for harmonised standards to support calculation and measurement of minimisation compliance.

*Recommended next step*

*Placement: after evidence section*

## Turn Article 10 into a packaging evidence file

Use this PPWR guide to connect minimisation decisions, Annex IV criteria, empty-space checks, and technical documentation before teams approve packaging changes.

- [Open Research Copilot](/solutions/research-copilot.md): Answer PPWR implementation questions with cited source material.
- [Discuss PPWR implementation](/contact.md): Review scope, source evidence, and next implementation steps with Sorena.

## How do Article 10 minimisation and Article 24 empty-space rules differ?

Article 10 is the broad design obligation for minimum necessary packaging weight and volume. Article 24 is a separate empty-space control for fillers of grouped, transport, e-commerce, and sales packaging.

For grouped, transport, and e-commerce packaging, Article 24 sets a maximum empty-space ratio of 50% by 1 January 2030 or three years from the entry into force of the relevant implementing acts, whichever is later. For sales packaging, Article 24 requires empty space to be reduced to the minimum necessary for packaging functionality by 12 February 2028.

- Do not use Article 24's 50% empty-space ratio as a blanket safe harbour for Article 10 minimisation.
- Count filling materials such as paper cuttings, air cushions, bubble wrap, sponge fillers, foam fillers, wood wool, polystyrene, and Styrofoam chips as empty space where Article 24 says they count.
- Track the Article 24 methodology implementing act separately from the Article 10 harmonised-standards request.
- For sales packaging, assess whether headspace or settlement is needed for protection, food safety, or product characteristics before treating it as avoidable empty space.
- If sales packaging is used as e-commerce packaging or reusable packaging is used in a reuse system, check the Article 24 exemption and still test Article 10.

Sources for this answer:

- [Regulation (EU) 2025/40 on packaging and packaging waste](https://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2025/40/oj?ref=sorena.io) - Article 24 defines empty space, empty-space ratio, deadlines, filling-material treatment, and exemptions while pointing exempted packaging back to Article 10.
- [European Commission Packaging & Packaging Waste Regulation page](https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/waste-and-recycling/packaging-waste/packaging-packaging-waste-regulation_en?ref=sorena.io) - Commission overview describes the policy aim as removing useless packaging layers and pellets from deliveries.
- [European Commission harmonised standards for packaging and packaging waste](https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/single-market/goods/european-standards/harmonised-standards/packaging-and-packaging-waste_en?ref=sorena.io) - Standards context helps teams separate current standard references from future PPWR methods for minimisation and empty-space measurement.

## What should teams do next before changing packaging?

Create one minimisation record per packaging type before approving a design change, supplier change, new SKU, or market launch. The record should be easy to update when harmonised standards, common specifications, the Article 24 methodology, or the packaging design changes.

Use narrow public claims. A statement such as "designed under an Article 10 minimisation assessment" is stronger than broad claims about optimal packaging unless the technical file actually supports the broader wording.

- Assign engineering, packaging, compliance, procurement, and legal reviewers for the packaging type.
- Attach Article 10, Annex IV, and any Article 24 empty-space assessment to the same design record.
- Record the exact source URL, short source quote, assessment date, packaging version, and reviewer approval.
- Set review triggers for design changes, material substitutions, supplier changes, new standards, new common specifications, and market-authority questions.
- Avoid publishing percentage reduction claims unless the baseline, measurement method, and evidence are documented.

Sources for this answer:

- [Regulation (EU) 2025/40 on packaging and packaging waste](https://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2025/40/oj?ref=sorena.io) - Article 10, Annex IV, Annex VII, and Annex VIII connect minimisation assessment, technical documentation, and declarations of conformity.
- [European Commission Packaging & Packaging Waste Regulation page](https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/waste-and-recycling/packaging-waste/packaging-packaging-waste-regulation_en?ref=sorena.io) - Commission overview is useful for public-facing policy framing, but binding compliance claims should be tied back to the Regulation text.
- [European Commission harmonised standards for packaging and packaging waste](https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/single-market/goods/european-standards/harmonised-standards/packaging-and-packaging-waste_en?ref=sorena.io) - Use the standards page to track existing packaging standards context while monitoring PPWR-specific harmonised standards.

## Primary sources

- [Regulation (EU) 2025/40 on packaging and packaging waste](https://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2025/40/oj?ref=sorena.io) - Official PPWR text for Article 10 packaging minimisation, Annex IV assessment criteria, Article 24 empty-space rules, technical documentation, and declarations of conformity.
  - Quote: "weight and volume is reduced to the minimum necessary"
- [European Commission Packaging & Packaging Waste Regulation page](https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/waste-and-recycling/packaging-waste/packaging-packaging-waste-regulation_en?ref=sorena.io) - European Commission overview for the PPWR policy context on unnecessary packaging, smaller and lighter packaging, recyclability, reuse, and implementation planning.
  - Quote: "Small, light packaging without empty space"
- [European Commission harmonised standards for packaging and packaging waste](https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/single-market/goods/european-standards/harmonised-standards/packaging-and-packaging-waste_en?ref=sorena.io) - European Commission standards page listing harmonised packaging standards, including EN 13428 on prevention by source reduction under the prior framework.
  - Quote: "Prevention by source reduction"

## Related Topic Guides

- [EU PPWR Conformity Documentation Guide](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/conformity-documentation.md): Build PPWR technical documentation and EU declarations of conformity for packaging, with evidence fields, owner checks, retention rules, and official EU sources.
- [EU PPWR penalties and fines: Article 68 enforcement guide](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/penalties-and-fines.md): Source-grounded guide to PPWR penalties and fines: Article 68 Member State rules, administrative fines for Articles 24 to 29, market-surveillance action, formal non-compliance, and enforcement evidence.
- [PPWR applicability test: packaging scope, roles, and evidence](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/applicability-test.md): Determine whether the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation applies to a packaging item, market activity, operator role, and evidence workflow.
- [PPWR Article 12 labelling, QR codes, and digital carriers](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/labelling-qr-and-digital-carriers.md): source-linked guide to PPWR Article 12 packaging labels, reusable packaging QR codes, digital carriers, online-sale information, and evidence records.
- [PPWR Article 33 refill targets and take-away container reuse obligations](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/reuse-refill-targets.md): source-linked guide to PPWR reuse and refill targets for transport, grouped, beverage, and take-away packaging under Articles 29 to 33.
- [PPWR Article 5 PFAS and Restricted Substances Guide](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/pfas-and-restricted-substances.md): Grounded guide to PPWR Article 5 substance controls: substances of concern, the 100 mg/kg heavy-metal cap, PFAS limits for food-contact packaging, and technical-documentation evidence.
- [PPWR Article 5 PFAS Evidence Workflow for Food-Contact Packaging](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/pfas-evidence-workflow.md): Build a PPWR Article 5 evidence workflow for food-contact packaging PFAS checks, limit-value evidence, supplier proof, and Annex VII technical documentation.
- [PPWR compliance checklist for packaging teams](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/checklist.md): source-linked PPWR checklist for packaging scope, recyclability, recycled content, PFAS, minimisation, labelling, conformity files, and EPR registration under Regulation (EU) 2025/40.
- [PPWR compliance guide: packaging conformity, EPR and evidence](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/compliance.md): Build a PPWR compliance workflow for packaging placed on the EU market, covering Articles 5-12 controls, conformity assessment, technical files, declarations, labelling, EPR and evidence.
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- [PPWR deadlines and compliance calendar](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/deadlines-and-compliance-calendar.md): Calendar-style PPWR deadline guide for application, PFAS, labelling, recyclability, recycled content, reuse, refill, deposit return, reporting, and transition dates.
- [PPWR delegated and implementing act tracker](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/delegated-act-tracking.md): Track PPWR delegated and implementing acts for recyclability, recycled content, reuse, labelling, EPR, reporting, and evidence owners.
- [PPWR e-commerce packaging rules: empty space, labels, and reuse](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/faq/e-commerce-packaging.md): source-linked FAQ for online sellers and fulfilment teams applying PPWR rules to e-commerce packaging, including empty-space, labelling, reuse, and evidence records.
- [PPWR Economic Operator Roles: manufacturers, importers, distributors and producers](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/economic-operator-roles.md): Map PPWR roles for packaging teams: manufacturer conformity files, importer and distributor checks, supplier data, fulfilment handling, traceability, and EPR producer registration.
- [PPWR EPR and Producer Responsibility Guide](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/epr-and-producer-responsibility.md): Map PPWR EPR duties for producers, authorised representatives, producer responsibility organisations, online platforms, registrations, reporting and evidence under Regulation (EU) 2025/40.
- [PPWR FAQ: Scope, Recyclability, Reuse, Labelling, and EPR](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/faq.md): FAQ index for Regulation (EU) 2025/40 on packaging and packaging waste, covering PPWR scope, recyclability, recycled content, minimisation, reuse, labelling, EPR, and evidence.
- [PPWR grouped and transport packaging empty-space FAQ](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/faq/grouped-and-transport-packaging.md): Answer whether grouped, transport, and e-commerce packaging need PPWR empty-space controls, what the 50% ratio covers, and what evidence to keep.
- [PPWR labelling and consumer information requirements](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/labeling-and-consumer-info.md): Article 12 and Article 55 PPWR guidance for packaging labels, QR codes, online sales information, waste receptacle labels, and consumer information records.
- [PPWR labelling checklist for Articles 12 and 13](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/ppwr-labeling-checklist.md): Checklist for PPWR Article 12 packaging labels and Article 13 waste-receptacle labels, including material composition, reuse, DRS, digital carriers, online sales, and transition stock.
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- [PPWR micro-enterprise and small business FAQ](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/faq/micro-and-small-business-edge-cases.md): source-linked FAQ on PPWR micro-enterprise and small business edge cases, including manufacturer responsibility, reuse exemptions, packaging restrictions, refill, and evidence records.
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- [PPWR packaging scope workflow: classify packaging, roles, and evidence](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/packaging-scope-workflow.md): A PPWR packaging scope workflow for classifying packaging, assigning economic-operator roles, routing EPR questions, and keeping technical evidence.
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- [PPWR vs RoHS: Packaging vs EEE Compliance](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/ppwr-vs-rohs.md): Compare PPWR packaging duties with a separate RoHS workstream, including scope, owners, evidence, dates, overlap limits, and source-linked PPWR decision points.
- [PPWR vs Single-Use Plastics Directive: Packaging Scope and Overlap](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/ppwr-vs-sup-directive.md): Compare PPWR and the Single-Use Plastics Directive without merging duties: all-packaging PPWR rules, listed single-use plastic product rules, overlap, evidence, and 2030 changes.
- [PPWR vs Waste Framework Directive: Packaging Duties and WFD Links](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/ppwr-vs-waste-framework-directive.md): Compare PPWR with the Waste Framework Directive where the PPWR text expressly relies on WFD concepts: waste hierarchy, definitions, EPR, collection, traceability, and waste plans.
- [Timeline and Deadlines for PPWR: practical implementation guide](/artifacts/eu/packaging-waste-regulation/timeline-and-deadlines.md): Practical PPWR guidance for Timeline and Deadlines, with source-linked decisions, owners, evidence records, and implementation steps.


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